India, Mughal Empire, Silver Rupee - c. 1600 to 1750 CE - India

These silver rupees are from various 17th and 18th century rulers of the Mughal Empire, an early modern Islamic empire in India. Both sides feature Arabic text, typically including the year, mint name, and the name of the current emperor. The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reign 1526–1530), a Turko-Mongol descendent of Timur and Genghis Khan. It ruled the majority of Northern India between the early 16th and mid-18th century, and continued in a diminished capacity into the 19th century. The empire was among the most wealthy and powerful of its time, and adopted and standardized the rupee. Mughal coins were minted with high purity, with silver content remaining above 96% until debasement began to occur in the early 1700s, which began the rapid decline of the Empire. Notably, the Mughal Empire was known for its religious tolerance and cultural integration. They blended Persian, Indian and Islamic traditions, leading to the development of the Hindustani language, Maghlai cuisine, and