Pakistan, Habbari Emirate, Silver Damma - c. 854 to 1011 CE - South Asia

These silver damma are from the Habbari dynasty, a semi-independent Arab emirate that ruled the Sindh territory from 854 to 1024. The Habbari dynasty pledged nominal allegiance to the Abassid Caliphate, but retained much of its independence and gained prominence during the Umayyad rule. The Umayyad invasions of the Sindh territory marked a brutal era beginning in 711. Initially, the Caliph of the Umayyad offered the Brahmin ruler Raja Dahir protection in exchange for aiding the Umayyads with issues of piracy. However, conflict erupted after it was found that a pirate raid resulted in gifts meant for the Umayyad caliph from the king of Serendib (now Sri Lanka) being stolen. This would be the precipice of a broader invasion and mass brutality against the population of Sindh, who were primarily Buddhist and Hindu, and increasing pressure from the Arab empire to convert the population to Islam. In 712, Arab miitary commander Mohammad Bin Qasim defeated the Brahmin dynasty and annexed it to