1856 The Mountain Systems of Europe

This map of the mountain systems of Europe is another remarkably fascinating and highly detailed work from the second edition of Scottish cartographer Alexander Keith Johnston's Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena, published out of Edinburgh by William Blackwood & Sons in 1856. The map was drawn with no geopolitical boundaries, focusing instead on the physical topography of Europe, including the British Isles, the islands of the Mediterranean, most of Scandinavia, and a portion of western Russia. The topography of the land is depicted by using elevation contour lines and shading according to elevation, which precisely defines all regions depicted on the map.  His use of this method reveals the great mountain ranges of Europe; the Alps in the various countries in which they formed, the Pyrenees, the Apennines and the Carpathians. Smaller ranges are also made evident in the map. River systems and lakes are indicated and named, as are many cities. A key to the coloring of the mountain