Pinus nigra, European Black Pine

USDA Cold Hardiness Zone: 4–7Native Range: Southern Europe to western AsiaSoil: Well-drained, sandy or rocky, slightly acidic to neutralLight: Full sunHeight in the Garden: 30–60'+, but easily controlled in bonsai culture.Size: 4" square potAttributes: Long, dark green needles in pairs. Rugged bark with deep fissures as it ages. Strong growth, dense branching, and excellent back-budding. Tolerates poor soil and urban conditions.Notes: A bold, powerful pine species ideal for masculine bonsai styles. Responds well to traditional pine techniques like candle pruning and needle thinning. More tolerant of heavy pruning than Japanese Black Pine.Uses: Bonsai, windbreaks, ornamental landscape tree.