3D Printed Biscupid Aortic Valve

3D Printed Biscupid Aortic Valve Clinical HistoryA 64-year old woman presented with a story of chest pain for 5 months, associated with breathlessness and wheezing for 4 months. On examination, she was dyspnoeic, with an expiratory wheeze, left-sided crepitations and signs of a right pleural effusion. The pulse rate and blood pressure were normal. There was a precordial systolic murmur and a heaving apex beat in the 5th left intercostal space 10 cm from the midline. There was no peripheral oedema. The patient died 4 days after admission. PathologyThe heart has been opened to display the left ventricle and associated valves. The aortic valve has 2 cusps instead of the usual three. The valves are otherwise normal apart from patchy slight thickening. The aortic origins of the left and right coronary arteries are widely patent, as is the left circumflex coronary artery, seen cut transversely in the atrio-ventricular groove at the right hand lower edge of the spe