3D Printed Hydronephrosis Hydroureter Caused by Obstruction by a Renal Calculus

3D Printed Hydronephrosis Hydroureter Caused by Obstruction by a Renal Calculus Clinical History A 72-year old female presented with colicky flank pain and increasing malaise. Intermittent haematuria was noted. Biochemical investigations reveal significantly impaired renal function. CT abdomen showed congenital renal agenesis of the left kidney and a right-sided hydronephrosis and hydroureter, due to obstruction by a smaller calculus. Percutaneous lithotomy was attempted to relieve the obstruction, but the patient died of a cardiac event during the procedure. PathologyThe specimen is patient‘s right kidney, which is grossly and partially bisected. There is gross dilatation of the pelvi-calyceal system visible and significant atrophy of renal tissue particularly in the cortex. There is a large brown calculus visible in the renal pelvis at the ureteropelvic junction. Further InformationUrolithiasis (renal calculi) is a very common disease affecting up to 1 in 10