3D Printed Hydronephrosis Hydroureter

3D Printed Hydronephrosis Hydroureter Clinical History A 49-year old male presents with a 6-week history of malaise, urinary frequency and haematuria for 6 weeks. Further questioning revealed intermittent left flank pain. Abdominal ultrasound showed severe hydronephrosis and hydroureter, secondary to multiple obstructing ureteric calculi at the uretero-vesical junction. He underwent a left nephrectomy and ureterectomy, and made a successful recovery. Pathology This is the patient’s left nephrectomy and ureterectomy specimen. The kidney has been bisected and the cut surface of both halves is displayed, mounted in continuity with the ureter, which has been opened. The kidney is grossly hydronephrotic, and there is considerable atrophic thinning and loss of renal parenchymal tissue. The ureter is extremely dilated and distally contains a number of small brown-black calculi with irregular sharp surface projections. These are calcium oxalate stones.This is an exa